Language Change Essay

The history of English language has seen many changes due to social and cultural influences with an array of reactions from its users. English has changed due to the ever emerging technologies and the need use them as efficiently as possible. The views and values of its users have a huge impact on the direction language takes in the way it changes and develops. Although there are many people who accept and embrace the changes in language, there are just as many people whom believe otherwise. People’s views of one another and social cultural values change over time and this affects the connotations attached to words and ideas. The users of a language are the sole cause to why words change or lose meaning to become obsolete because their current perceptions will be reflected in the language. A number of words have come to carry sexual connotations due to the idea becoming a taboo topic of conversation, and therefore people used other words along with body language to imply these ideas. Words such as â€Å"hussy† and â€Å"slut†, which originally meant ‘housewife’ and ‘untidy’, have come to mean ‘promiscuous women’ and ‘loose women’. This reflects the change in perception of women’s sexuality and social roles, and how women are being degraded to be seen as sex objects. As words can gain meaning, they can also lose meaning. An example of this is the word â€Å"fuck†, which originally had the connotations relating to ‘sex’ and ‘sexual activity’, it is now used freely as a means to express many different emotions and no longer thought of as a sexual word although the connotations still exist. Words change to suit the needs of its users of the current time, sometimes the original meaning is carried until today while others change drastically. It is argued that texting has â€Å"destroyed† the language with all its shorthand and the language is going â€Å"down-hill† because young people are not using language correctly, however many linguist believe otherwise. The use of â€Å"abbreviated† language has been used â€Å"ever since [the language] began to be written down† and it is not just used by the young people but people of all ages. History shows that Anglo-saxon scribes used abbreviations such as â€Å"&† for ‘and’ and â€Å"3† for ‘three’, which have now even become standard, this proves that texting is not what initiated written language to be used this way. The growth of â€Å"abbreviated† language paired with the need for faster written communication has caused the language to be used with less grammar and therefore the language is not used correctly. However, Charlie Higsons (author) says that â€Å"the only function [language] needs to perform is to be understood† and therefore correct use of grammar is not necessary in spontaneous contexts. These people, often referred to as â€Å"grammar Nazis†, are bothering â€Å"with [language] in quite the wrong way† as expressed by Stephen Fry. The English language has always changed and will continue to change as long as its users’ social cultural views and values change, and as the contexts in which the language can be used expand. People will have an opinion on the changes in language, irrespective of time. Whether they like it or not language change is inevitable, therefore its users should see this in a positive light and help change the language so it can become more expressive and diverse.

The Bewitching of Anne Gunter

The Bewitching of Anne Gunter details the life of a young girl who claimed to be possessed by witches. She was not in fact possessed, and according to her at her trial, her father forced her to act as she was. Her father Brian Gunter had a long history of problems with one of the women who was accused, Elizabeth Gregory. The other women Agnes Pepwell was chosen because she was rumored to be a witch, and it would add credibility to the accusation. The problem between Brian Gunter and Elizabeth Gregory began at a football match in the town of North Moreton. It was a form of what is now called soccer, but was much rougher. It was many times viewed as just an excuse for two villages to get in a huge brawl. People were known to die from injuries related to this extreme form of physical activity. It was very hard to reconstruct what happened on the day of the football match in North Moreton. Brian Gunter was a spectator and two of Elizabeth Gregory's sons were playing in the game. A fight broke out between two men, one of them a Gregory. Gunter got in the middle of it and tried to break it up, at this point Richard Gregory and his brother John turned on Gunter. In the middle of the melee Gunter pulled out his dagger and killed both brothers. The Gregory's tried to get Gunter tried for murder, but it never came to trial, possibly because Gunter was powerful in his area. The bad blood between the two families now existed, setting the stage for Anne Gunter to accuse Elizabeth Gregory of witchcraft. Anne Gunter first had symptoms of hysteria in the summer of 1604. It was not thought to be demonic, until months later when the fits became significantly worse. The Gunter's had people come in and look at Anne, and in time she was diagnosed by many with being possessed. The actions that Anne Gunter testified too, as to come of as being possessed are extremely disturbing. Her father read the Warboy's book on witchcraft and made her imitate many of the signs of being a witch. She was drugged, to induce vomit and also was given drugs to quell pain. She was given a green mixture, which would throw her into deep rages then a very strong dullness. During the dullness when visitors were there pins were stuck into her body to show her lack of feeling. This was a sign to show that she was possessed. When the visitors would leave she could not life her arms and the pain would be unbearable. Anne testified that she have even stronger fits of torture when the accused would come near the house. She would be told they were near and act accordingly. It was a very detailed operation involving Brian Ginter's sister and her husband. Anne would be given pins to vomit and sneeze due to the fact that letting go of foreign objects out of your body was a strong sign of being afflicted. She claims she put herself through all these horrible things because she was afraid of her father and he always threatened her, although it might have something to do with her craving attention. The family also sent for good witches who could help cure the affliction. This helped fro awhile, but Anne became bewitched again and the symptoms started up again. The family also tried a number of remedies that were popular at the time. The family burned Elizabeth Gregory's hair in an attempt to help Anne recover, also moving her to different places, but nothing provided permanent relief. It is hard to give one reason why witchcraft became so prevalent during this time period. Reasons that have been given are the reformation, and Catholics trying to counter that reformation. It can also be seen as Christianity still trying to root out traditional beliefs of people, which included magic and mysticism. It was also not like society just had witchcraft, as a strange belief. It was part of a much wider belief in ghosts, fairies, fortune telling and astrology. The reformation had helped create a new focus on the devil and all his works and this also added to the witchcraft craze. It is also amazing how people of the time would go along with the person being a witch. They in turn would make up things about the accused witch, like they say Agnes Pepwell turn a cat into a black rat. Witchcraft gave people the ability to blame things on other people and to harm them considerably. It can be compared to being accused of rape, even if you didn't do it and are proved innocent, you will still have that stigma attached to you. It was many times pure bad luck that you were accused and the consequences could be deadly. After the trial of Anne Gunter, witchcraft trials were less frequent then in other parts of Europe. Convictions were also more rare then in other countries. One reason was the alleged witches were tried by the assize courts. The judges in these courts were senior judges who were high up in the social hierarchy of England. They were not allowed to be from the area they were trying so they were distanced from the local issues and bias. In many parts of Europe the trials were presided over by local courts and judges who brought their own biases and thoughts into the trial. The English courts also differed in the fact that they did not use torture as a means of bringing out confessions, where in other places witches would confess, due to the pain inflicted. The end result for the Gunter's is hard to definitively answer. Brian Gunter was brought before the Star Chamber not to face the charges of fabricating the witchcraft of his daughter but to answer to an assault charge years later. He died in 1628 with no mention of Anne in his will. Anne was most likely married, but it is hard to say to exactly who. One possibility is a man with the surname Ashely, or another man John Hartgill. The records of the times are very hard to interpret and if she did indeed marry Hartgill she would have been 16 years his senior, which would have been extremely rare even today. The historian who researched this book had to go to great lengths to gather information. He had to put together bits and pieces of historical accounts for everything to come together. The book does a good job of showing you how witches were treated in England and to what lengths people would go to, to accuse someone else. The author used church records, court records, and personal diaries, all first hand accounts. He then used historical background to help put everything together for the reader. What the village was like, the population and how trials were done. The book showed how easily people could be accused of witchcraft and it also shows the mob mentality that existed in this time period. One thing that is really disturbing is the lack of conscience shown by people. The people who accused the women of witchcraft, obviously new it wasn't true, yet Anne Gunter showed no remorse for putting these women through this harrowing experience. Her only concern when confessing was of her own pain. One of the problems with this book is the fact that the historian many times did not have much to work with. He in turn would interpret a document to the best of his ability. Many times this would end up being a conjecture, and not a sure fact. History many times has to be looked at like that, but many of his inferences may have been off. There was almost a shadow of doubt over every part of the book. One thing that is interesting is that how high profile this case was. The King became involved, and the case received a lot of attention. That shows that even with all the publicity how hard it was to reconstruct this case. It would be even harder to ever show what happened in other cases, with less prominent members of society involved.

Internal Customers Essay

The people in this department need to know what deliveries are to be made and what products are to be delivered.  Staff Office  The Human Resources department need to know hours worked by employees and if there are any positions to be filled.  Staff Training  They need to know which members of the department will need training and which areas need to be covered in the training exercises.  Cash Office  The cash office needs to know what transactions were made at all the tills in the department and how much money there is in the tills at the end of the working day. This is so they can tally up the stores figures and see how well the shop has performed on that particular day. CCP (Customer Collection Point)  Many goods are collected from the shops CCP such as microwaves. The people at the CCP need to know what is being collected and the transaction number so they can tie up the paperwork, customer and the goods.  Service Desk  When customers have a problem with an appliance they have to go through the service desk so the large electrical department has to get information from the service desk regarding the outcome for instance an appliance may have to be replaced. The large electrical department already employs a number of different customer service techniques to help improve the running and efficiency of the department, which also importantly improves the relationship with the customers. There are however occasions when these strategies don’t work the way that they should and customers can become dissatisfied with the level of service that they feel they are receiving.  Here are some examples of techniques that have recently been introduced in the department to help improve customer services. When staff join the Large Electrical Department the must complete questionnaires to ensure they understand procedures that are carried out in the department. A copy of which can be found in appendix 1. The Introduction of Ticketing system for waiting customers  The department recently introduced a fairly simple but effective ticketing system so that customers are served at the correct time instead of customers just grabbing a selling Partner when they see one that is free. When a customer enters the department they are now greeted by the customer service manager who stands at the Customer Service Podium. The Customer Service Manager gives the customer a ticket with a number on it and records down on the copy of the ticket that the manager keeps some details.  These are:  The customers name.  This creates a personalised service when the sell partner approaches the customer  What they want help on. This is so the Customer Service Manager can send over the right Selling Partner with the right knowledge.  A brief description of the customer.  The description helps the Selling Partner identify the customers easily.  When a selling Partner becomes free they must report back to the podium where the manager will hand the Partner the ticket of the next customer to be served.  This system is much improved from the previous queuing system, which involved the Customer Service Manager patrolling the floor and recording customers name down on a list. This meant that the Manager was never in one place and people may not have been put on in the correct order that they arrived in the department. When speaking to the Customer Service Manager of the Large Electrical department to enquire how successful the new system had been I was also informed of the one major problem there had been with it.  The problem was that when a customer took a ticket they would ask how many people there were before them. If the number was fairly high, for instance five people then it would put people off waiting. It was then up to the Customer Service Manager to reassure the customer that it wouldn’t be too long. I also learned that on leaving the department previous customers who were used to the old system commented on how much better they thought the new system was.  The Introduction of Electrical Telesales at Watford  About two years ago the Branch opened the Electrical Telesales Department, which is part of the Large Electrical Department. The team is based at the branches warehouse, which is down the road from the store at Greatham Road. It is all linked telephonically and by computer to the main store. Customers can phone telesales and place orders for large electrical appliances over the phone by calling the store on 01923 244 266 and connecting to extension 4880. This service is very handy for many customers as they will often come into the store and get information on various appliances and then go home to check that it will fit in the desired space. They can then phone up and order it over the phone by credit or account card to save them making another trip into the store. Some people that have done research on the internet or another media will also use telesales to save them having to come into the store at all, especially people that have very busy lives. It is also designed to take some of the pressure off the actual department so that more time can be spent with each customer in the store. On average there are six partners manning the phones down at telesales. Which isn’t really enough as they are also share with the Television and Audio department. So customers are put on hold, which can be for quite a long time, which frustrates the customers. Pre recorded messages are randomly played to the customers to reassure them that their call is important and will be answered by the next available partner. The telephonists can tell how long a customer has been waiting, and they will answer in a way that will reflect the length of time the customer has waited. Other problems with the telesales team are that there is a weak communication flow between the actual department and telesales. This means that mistakes can be made by telesales as they haven’t received information on changes made in the Large Electrical Department which in turn can have an affect on the customers.  An example of this was when EU legislation can into place saying that the collection of old refrigeration can not be continued because of the gasses inside. Telesales weren’t informed of this and continued to arrange for refrigeration to be taken away. When the deliverymen told customers that they couldn’t take away the old refrigeration this angered customers who had prepaid the 9 collection charge. These mistakes are usually dealt with by offering a goodwill gesture for inconvenience and where appropriate a refund.  On the whole this venture has proved to be a major success as figures shown in the Annual General Meeting showed an increase in Large Electrical Goods with a major percentage going through the telesales team.  This is the information flier that is handed out to customers when visiting the Department if the wish to order over the phone. It give the phone number and extension number as well as a little information on the different services that they offer such as the 2 year warranty and Never Knowingly Undersold motto. Ways of paying at John Lewis  The use of credit cards at John Lewis  Until recently John Lewis didn’t accept payment for goods by any credit card. This was to avoid paying the transaction fees to the banks that is added on when a customer pays using EFT (Electronic Financial Transaction). Apart from this customers were quite prepared to pay for any goods purchased using a John Lewis or Waitrose Account card that offers a low rate of interest. However to give the customer more flexibility John Lewis introduced the use of Credit cards in the Partnership. One of the main reasons for allowing this take place was because of where the transaction fee would go.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"From 5 November 2001, all card payments with the exception of the John Lewis and Waitrose Account Card, are processed for you by John Lewis Card Services Ltd for a 2.5% fee included in the cost of your purchase. The balance is paid to John Lewis plc. The total amount you pay is the same regardless of the payment method.† Source taken from http://www.johnlewis.com  The transactions fee that would normally have to be paid to the bank on any transaction that take place in either the department stores or Waitrose using EFT is retained by John Lewis. This means that John Lewis don’t loose 2.5% of the sale that they have made but keep it as profit.  This move has meant that more customers are attracted to coming into the stores and paying by plastic, which many people prefer to do.  However there is one card that John Lewis still doesn’t accept and that is American Express. This is because of the extremely high level of interest that is associated with this form of payment. John Lewis would still have to pay part of transaction fee if this card was used. These methods of payment can also be used to purchase over the phone using the stores telesales teams and via the Internet. This has all been designed to help create an easier way of shopping for it customers and improve customer services.  Computerised Ordering System  The introduction of the computerised ordering system a year ago has changed the face of the department and the way things are done, within the department. It was also a major turn around for the standard of customer services offered by department. The new system meant that orders could be processed a lot quicker as paper work didn’t have to be sent via the post and orders we received at the warehouse instantly. A lot more options have been opened with this new system, all to the customers advantage, as well as making the whole ordering process a lot easier for the Selling Partner.  Customers can now reserve goods for longer periods of time, place an order for delivery in another part of the country and a lot more. Queries and problems can also dealt with by keeping record of points raised on the on the notepad of the actual order on the system so issues are dealt with much more effectively. Each customer gets a reference number when they place an order so information can be recalled instantly from the system should the need arise.  The quicker service makes buying Large Electrical goods less stressful meaning customers go away from the department happy with the level of service they have just received.  There have, however been a number of occasions when the system has gone down causing absolute chaos in the department as all orders have to be placed manually which is much more time consuming than using the computers. This angers customers who expect a reliable system then works quickly and effectively. With these events the need for the Customer Service manager pays off, as they are someone who can defuse difficult situations. All selling Partners are also trained in dealing with problems but the CSM is there as someone with higher authority.

Management research project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Management project - Research Paper Example The paper will critically evaluate how human resource in the bank incorporates strategies and policies to better handle and nurture diversity within its workforce. Research Objectives The broad objective of the study is to find out how OCBC handle the issue of its diverse workforce. The three specific objectives of the study are: To establish how diverse the workforce in OCBC is. To find out the existing strategies and policies employed by the human resource management regarding diverse workforce To examine the challenges brought about by a diverse workforce Research Question How diverse is the OCBC workforce in Singapore? What are the existing strategies and policies used by the human resource management in handling diversity in its employees? What are the challenges brought about by a diverse workforce Research Methodology Both qualitative and quantitative research design will be utilized as they will cover the broad aspects of the study and enable a concrete conclusion and recomme ndation to be drawn. The tool used to collect data includes both primary and secondary sources. Questionnaires as well as interview guides will be distributed to OCBC employees and the human resource department respectively as they are the target population. Data will be analyzed using SPSS and presented descriptively using tables, charts and graphs. Random and careful biased sampling will be used to arrive at the desired sample Literature Review It has been argued that human or workforce is the most important asset that dictates the future of any organization, OCBC Bank in Singapore not being an exception. According to Boxall & Purcell, 2008 workplace diversity has been defined severally but one definition adopted is; variety of differences and uniqueness among and between individuals within an organization. The concept entails issues relating to of age, sex, religion, ability, disability, race, ethnic groups, color, nationality and even sex orientation, educational background, job title to mention but a few. If the HR have in place best strategies and policies to nurture diversity, the results are better as it helps in increasing adaptability, widening service range, more effective way of executing duties as well as bring a diverse ideas that can yield the desired satisfaction to customers hence propelling the organization to greater heights (Katharine, et al 1995). On the other hand, there are challenges brought about by a diverse workforce and this include resistance to change, hindrance on implementation of diversity in place of work polices, difficulties in sharing information Company background OCBC is the longest operating bank in Singapore having been established in 1912. Today, OCBC has been ranked by world analysts as the second largest financial services group in Southeast Asia, most highly-rated bank and one of the world’s strongest bank ( OCBC Annual Report 2010). OCBC provides financial services

The Earth Liberation Front(ELA) is a serious terrorist threat and Research Paper

The Earth Liberation Front(ELA) is a serious terrorist threat and should be taken as such - Research Paper Example Eventually, ELF was spread in 17 countries as their actions were reported and recorded. It is now known as an international movement that carries out its actions in many of the major European countries1. The ELF movement can be greatly related to the Animal Liberation Front as both of these organizations operate in the same context. ELF is known to be the descending of the Animal Liberation Front as both of these movements operate is in very good terms, relations and cooperation. Both of these movements also use the similar guidelines under which they operate and they tend to have the same leaderless resistance. They gain sympathy at the hands of the people and call themselves an eco-defense dedicated group. Sympathizers also say that this group is dedicated to work without the profit motive on environmental destruction. They cause economical destruction to businesses in order to save the environment by damaging businesses’ property2. With such policies and activities, the ELF movement was known to be the top ‘domestic terror’ threat in 2001 according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in United States. The term which is still used for the members of the ELF is ‘eco-terrorists’. ... ?ELA – A Serious Terrorist Threat ? The Earth Liberation Front operates in a different way than other welfare organizations and other terrorist organizations. Their system of management has no leadership, hierarchy or any official representative or spokesperson. It is a decentralized organization rather than choosing individuals to use the terms as banners. The members if this cooperation who are the individuals on their own are known to work together in different cells which are bounded groups and these individuals are usually self-funded hence creating no space for leadership or membership which is centralized. These individuals are said to be the eco-terrorists as they work with each other to prepare and plan techniques of reducing exploitation of the natural environment3. The technique which is most commonly recorded to be carried out the most by these individuals is destruction to property. Different tools are being used by them to carry out such activities and one of the m is arson in which they burn the property. Many of the activists today believe that arson is used to injure animals, people and the environment. The eco-terrorists use such techniques to handle the property which they believe is destroying the natural environment despite the people or animals being harmed in the process. These techniques are operated differently in the United States and in the UK. However, they are also sometimes called ecotage. The reasons why the ELF carries out such terrifying methods of saving the environment or use terrifying techniques such as arson are many. Researchers have found many reasons that mark the activities of the eco-terrorists and the

Contemporary film theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contemporary film theory - Essay Example lm Black Girl, which was directed by Senegalese director Ousmane Sembene is different from the typical Hollywood motion picture because the people in the movie are not stars, the story is not depicting any sort of popular or political beliefs, nor is it showing the world in a mythical fashion, where an unbelievable turn of events changes the outcome of the characters lives. This film shows what is happening in Africa with absolute realism, making Black Girl an excellent example of third cinema. An important reason why Black Girl can be considered third cinema is because it depicts the third world in a realistic manner. This is the story of a young Senegalese woman who works for a French family in Dakar. Over the course of this film, this woman is constantly mistreated by the family that she works for, making her all too aware of the racial identity that she has been labelled with. She becomes caught up in the tension between the rich French people in the area and the African people who have been oppressed since colonial times. She finds that she does not fit in with either world, leaving her alone. This film does not attempt to make any excuses for the treatment of the woman, but simply shows how large of a problem racism is within the country. In a Hollywood-style movie, there would be some sort of character growth, which would probably result in a happy ending, but this would not have been a realistic ending for this type of movie. This film is an example of â€Å"the c inema that recognises in that struggle the most gigantic cultural, scientific, and artistic manifestation of our time, the great possibility of constructing a liberated personality with each people as the starting point - in a word, the decolonisation of culture† (Solanas and Getino). Third cinema films such as Black Girl are important because of the realism that they bring to the filmmaking world. They do not offer an idealized version of events, but rather strive to tell a story in the most

Quality and environmental management systems 333 Essay

Quality and environmental management systems 333 - Essay Example This paper explores possible ways in which Timmerhus UK Ltd. could integrate its QMS and EMS into a single complete management system. It also looks at possible environmental aspects of the company, suitable objectives, targets and relevant environmental programmes as well as auditing arrangements that will be necessary for the integrated management system. How Timmerhus UK Ltd Could Integrate Its QMS and EMS into One Complete Management System There are numerous models and strategies that Timmerhus UK Ltd could use to integrate its QMS and EMS into a single comprehensive management system. vonAhsen and Funck (2001) suggest three fundamental models and strategies that organisations can utilise in the implementation and assessment of their management systems. These models include Integration model founded on ISO 9001 Integration model founded on ISO 14001 The European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) model. There are different approaches or strategies that corporations could t ake towards integrating management systems that already have. The following approaches are available for organisations aiming to integrate their management system: A company can first establish a quality management system then add to it environmental management system, which is consistent with vonAhsen and Funck’s ISO 9001-based model. Starting with the implementation of environmental management system followed by quality management system, which ascribes to vonAhsen and Funck’s model based on ISO 14001. Simultaneously establishment of environmental management system (EMS) and Quality management system (QMS) ISO 14001-based Integration Model Based on ISO 14001, environmental management systems focus absolutely on environmental aspects of an organisation. According to this model, environmental management system is first implemented and then quality system is added on to it. The approach demands that all processes be documented in terms of environmental aspects and quali ty. ISO 9001- Based Integration Model Unlike ISO 14001-based integration model, ISO 9001-based integration model requires an organisation to develop integrated management system on the basis of ISO 9001 followed by incorporation of environmental factors and any other relevant elements to the organisation (BS EN ISO 9001:2008 2008). The European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) Model This model was established in 1992 as an organisational assessment framework for companies seeking European Quality Award. Timmerhus UK Ltd can make use of the EFQM excellence model to integrate its QMS and EMS. An organisation ca optimise from this model by developing comprehensive understanding of its major concepts, which may change with organisational improvement and development. Some of the main concepts of EFQM include: Attainment of results, which are satisfactory to all stakeholders of the company Creation of sustainable customer value Good leadership and purpose consistency Management vi a a series of autonomous, but interdependent management systems Focus on development of employees through engagement to optimise the contribution of employees Creation of a continuous learning organisation environment Establishing and sustaining value-added alliances Enforcing corporate social responsibility by surpassing the minimum regulatory requirements and expectations of stakeholders The EFQM model

How can Maslow's idea of self-actualization and eupsychian management Research Paper

How can Maslow's idea of self-actualization and eupsychian management be reconciled with prevailing mental models of managemen - Research Paper Example Later many other theorists have worked to develop the mental models of management. However, most of them are related to the model presented by Maslow. In this paper, we will first discuss the Maslow’s idea of self-actualization and eupsychian management and how it is connected with the mental models of management. Later in the light of human variance and capabilities, the need of self-actualization and eupsychian management is discussed by the help of other theorists. A comparison is made between the Maslow’s hierarchy and Alderfer’s ERG theory. The paper also discusses the implications that are required for the practical managers, how at different stages of their professional life they can use the Maslow’s theory. It also talks about how I can use self-actualization and other concept of Maslow’s hierarchy in my professional life. In the end, it discusses the scenarios like religious activities, creativity, and people who work for the society, for i nstance a doctor who, keeping in mind their profession and duties does not flow the hierarchy and strive to achieve self actualization way before they achieve their basic needs. On the other hand, it also discusses the scenarios like bank jobs and other discrete organizational structures in which the idea of self- actualization are implemented. How can Maslow’s idea of self-actualization and eupsychian management be reconciled (to cause) with frequent mental models of management? Self-actualization refers to making something real or actual in our innate talents, aptitude, and the possibility to release out highest potentials. This whole process is done when a person satisfies their lower driving needs such as food, water, sleep etc. and jumps to the highest needs by learning, changing, growing, and transforming. Like this, a person becomes fully functioning and the best person comes out of them. According to Bernardo and Carducci (2009) Eupsychian management emphasizes that t he managers must concern themselves by becoming more aware of the needs of the employees and create the working environment that facilitate the satisfaction of the needs of the employees in order to attain self-actualization. In the theory, it is argued that, as people move from the basic needs towards self-actualization needs, the source of motivation changes for them on every stage. According to Douglas and Khalil (1967), as the managers progress, their lower level needs that of physiology and safety reduce, while the upper level needs that of affiliation, self-esteem, and self-actualization amplify. The motivators that are significant when one’s career starts, become insignificant later. For example, money that is the driving force in the early stages of one’s careers becomes less important. This natural growth towards job satisfaction and job empowerment becomes significant with time. Through Eupsychian management, great trust in the employees is reflected, which a ssumes that every worker prefers to become a prime mover than a passive helper. To become more productive and reach to the point of self-actualization, few things need to be considered in the work environment: trust in human nature; within the human nature there should be strong belief for the self-actualization; there should be strong belief in the cooperation, capacity and productivity of the workers; within the work enviro

Political ecnomony of japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political ecnomony of japan - Essay Example er the Second World War where Japan not only needed rebuilding but the people in Japan were so completely defeated that there was essentially no resistance to the occupation. The American army was certainly not welcomed as a heroic force but was largely seen with a sense of resignation. The Japanese were weary of the war and were more than willing to start over again under the guidance of the American political agenda which supported democratic ideals. The civilian casualties suffered by Japan had put them at such a low point that they might have accepted anything to end the war and return to normalcy. On the other hand, after a short war which was thought to have ended the whole drama, the Iraqi people fought against the occupation as well as against each other (Al-Khabbaz, 2009). Most importantly, the American occupation of Japan after the Second World War came with support. Support from the American public, support from the regional countries and even support for the person leading the occupation who had an excellent understanding of the culture and the people. In Iraq, America has none of these things mentioned above. The American public may have supported the occupation initially but as the death toll rose and sentiments of the public changed, the American public largely does not seem to support the Iraq occupation. The region is becoming increasingly anti-American as the radical elements continue to use Iraq as a symbol of American dominance and cruelty while the American leaders in Iraq appear to have little understanding of what is actually going on in the country (Schwartz, 2004). All these factors show that the Japanese and the Iraqi occupations are considerably different from each other. Schwartz, F. 2004, ‘Forced to be Free: Democratizing Occupations in Japan, Germany, and Iraq’, [Online] Available at:

Gabriel Alvarez Essay Example for Free

Gabriel Alvarez Essay The Ninth Circuit believed that because respondents’ donning and doffing is an vital and necessary preliminary activity included by respondents’ principal work activity, all activities performed afterward such as walking accordingly occur during the ‘principal’ workday and is compensable. The court rejected the petitioner’s argument that Section 4(a)(1) of the Portal Act makes clear that the walking time at issue is not compensable even if it follows clothes changing. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the employees of IBP, Inc. because putting on protective gear and walking to and from changing areas are â€Å"integral and indispensable† to the jobs â€Å"principal activities†. ISSUE(S) The issues presented to the Supreme Court for determination were whether the time spent walking between donning and doffing areas and workstations, and the time spent waiting to put on protective equipment were compensable under the FLSA as amended by the Portal-to-Portal Act. The Supreme Court held that time spent walking following putting on protective equipment and prior to removing protective equipment was compensable under the FLSA as amended by the Portal-to-Portal Act REASON(S) The Court held that any activity that â€Å"is ‘integral and indispensable’ to a ‘principal activity’ is itself a ‘principal activity’ under section 4(a)(1) of the Portal-to-Portal Act.

Globalisation Increasing Economic Inequality Economics Essay

Globalisation Increasing Economic Inequality Economics Essay Globalisation has been integral in the way the world is shaped today; politically, culturally, and especially, economically and technologically. It can be described as the process in which the nations of the world have become more connected, and as McGrew (1992) expresses, the effects of changes in one country become felt around the whole world. Often this interconnectivity is beneficial, as countries experience growth due to sharing advances in technology and expanding markets. However, globalisation does not benefit all equally. There is also the ugly side of globalisation; the exploitation of developing countries, the monopolisation of industries by giant corporations, and the effects of weak policy on a nation. While the idea of globalisation seems to embody ideals such as progress and development, it is not ideal as it currently stands, and the gap between the developed and developing world will not be closed if the paradigm does not change. Globalisation has affected the worlds economies to the degree that the current situation can be described as a global market where every entity is forced to compete on the same stage. This obviously disadvantages the smaller players in the world market, especially the independent manufacturers and producers, as they compete with multinational corporations. This is further compounded in developing nations where the systems that are in place are not as developed as in advanced nations. There are systems currently in place to counteract the monopolisation of dominant corporations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and other countries have their own laws concerning the matter. However, many nations are being overrun by private monopolisation and find it difficult to thwart the power of dominant firms. The interest of private companies to establish their business in these developing nations brings the ideals of anti-competition; which are formed by a combination of globalisation and corruption. In Latin-America there was a study conducted by Clarke et al., (2005), stating that there was 28.7% monopolisation and abuse of dominance and 40% cartelisation. In retrospect, anti-competitive acts are still very high and developing nations may experience a political breakdown or failed state, due to the lack of good governance to provide opportunities for a competitive market, lack of purchasing power and a decreasing labour force. Countries like China and India which have strong monetary ties have become promising leaders in the global economy but they have left the poorer countries unable to compete on the same scale, snowballing the economic divide and limiting foreign direct investment. Some argue that the lack of western protection trade policies has assisted the position in which less developed countries find themselves. The influence of the USA on the world economy is the most obvious we hear about consumer taste being homogeni sed (Ravallion, 2004) to American tastes around the world, which can be demonstrated by the popularity of American brands like Apple and McDonalds; brands that dominate their respective markets on a global scale. Hence, while globalisation allows products to become more accessible by allowing consumers to exercise a freedom of choice, those companies who do not have the resources or systems in place to compete on the global stage are severely limited to the local market and hence are being left-behind. Another consequence of globalisation is that technology and travel is becoming cheaper and faster and it has become increasingly easy for one to interact with another person across vast distances. Distance is less of a problem than it was two hundred years ago and has fundamentally changed the economic system and ideals in positive and negative ways, bringing on a world void of boundaries (Ohmae, 1992). Today we can make a transaction with someone anywhere in the world due to the development of technology that aide in communication and advancement of transportation spreading the free-market around the world. However access to technology around the world is unequal. A large number of the populations in third world countries, such as in Africa, South East-Asia and South America, are impoverished in the information technology age. Although globalisation has the potential to spread technology, a digital divide exists due to the rapid pace at which technology is being developed. While Afr ica contains 15.2% (Population Reference Bureau, 2012) of the worlds population it only contains 2.0% of the worlds telephone mainlines and approximately 90% of internet host computers are concentrated in countries with high gross national income (The World Bank, 2000). Totero and Braun (2006) discuss that information technology has been found to be powerful tools in yielding income generation, enfranchisement and increase in productivity. Less developed countries are at a disadvantage because they may miss opportunities to create market prospects and enhance their countrys economic situation through better connectivity and staying competitive. For example, during tsarist Russia between 1881 and 1913, Minister of Finance Sergei Witte believed that for Russia to modernise they would have to follow in the footsteps of western societies to procreate their own industrial revolution. One of his achievements was the Trans-Siberian Railway, which became a symbol of Russian enterprise. Howe ver, the Russo-Japanese War showed that due to the limitations of having a one-way railway line meant that inadequate provisions and reinforcements could not reach the front in time. Japan on the other hand had rapidly modernised along western lines and had encompassed better technology allowing them to win the war (Lynch, 2005). Overcoming the difference between the development of countries for the privileged and non-privileged will be a crucial challenge to rectify in the future. It hasnt just been technology that has affected the extent that globalisation has had an effect on economies. Governments have also played a major role on the extent of globalisation, mainly by removing the barriers that stop it from happening, which is a reflection of the ideals of neo-liberalism, such as privatisation and deregulation, which promotes globalisation. Privatisation is good news for the whole distribution of income earners due to the increase of access to services such as electricity and water. Before privatisation came about, access to services was limited due to the lack of competition resulting in higher prices. However, in small economies that have limited domestic competition and have big governments, larger companies who hold core market values under privatisation may not be able to tackle the pressure of international competition and may lose the benefits of privatisation, with their cash flow essentially being locked into investments. In Latin American countrie s such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and other Caribbean countries, less than half of those nations championed privatisation as a heralding benefit. Political risks that arose in Mexico in the 90s, due to political turmoil, had bank owners and debtors trying to rescue the economic status. Privatisation in this case did not lighten inequality of income or privileges; rather it fixed the country into trying to alleviate the stress of the previous regime (Castaà ±eda Sabido, n.d.). Hence, privatisation is a viable prospect for some countries that could see benefits due to an increase in market competition, however it must be supported with strong institutions which support market transparency, and have freedom from political interventions. If these crucial supports are not established, privatisation may prove to only assist in furthering the gap of the economic statuses between nations. Globalisation produces an unequal distribution across different levels of income. This arises from the constraints of ineffective trade policy resulting in income declination for those in absolute poverty. A study on trade outcomes of the labour market and trade reform was discussed by Harrison (2007) examining reductions in tariffs in Mexico during the 80s and 90s. The results revealed a high rate of poverty was linked to the increase in import competition, which in turn increased the possibility of unemployment. Furthermore, external competition often drives prices down. This was illustrated in the study with an increase in corn imports resulting in cheaper Mexican corn. This did not benefit the Mexican farmers whose livelihoods depended on the real income provided by their crops. On the other side of the coin, the study also concluded that an increase in export growth resulted in a rise in minimum wage and a reduction of informal sector employment due to the increase of opportunit ies for companies to expand. Moreover, a burgeoning market provides more incentive for investors to invest in the local market. Thus, it becomes clear that effective trade policy is an essential key to paving the road towards a successful domestic market and thus alleviating some of the causes of poverty within a nation. The divide between the polarities of the economic spectrum is still increasing. The capability for multinational cohesion to enhance the economies and markets of nations, especially poorer nations is still constrained by the prerequisites of facilitating the adoption of globalisation. While larger nations and governments within nations have set policies and reforms to counteract the ugly side of globalisation there is still the prospect of hungry organisations that want to reap monetary gains indifferently. More competitive and transparent nations will gain more access to assets such as technology and useful forms of tools that will enhance the reaches of their own economic market but not necessarily help poorer nations with bettering their market outreach. Political and social tension is the result as poorer nations undergo challenging transitions to try and catch-up and reverse the worsening of economic inequality. Better protection is needed by making the market non-discriminatory by understanding negative spill over, in that, domestic finance and activity is sometimes worsened by the activity of offshore markets. Without this understanding, from both sides, the benefits of a more united and global market would undermine the development of the world.

Importance of Breakfast in Relation to Obesity

Importance of Breakfast in Relation to Obesity A critical evaluation Through many influential sources, such as research and advertising, breakfast has been widely portrayed as the most important meal of the day. In fact, much epidemiological evidence tends to support this notion by demonstrating that breakfast skipping leads to an increased risk of obesity (McCrory et al, 2014; Browns et al, 2013). Since the 1980s, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has sharply risen worldwide, with 1.9 billion adults being characterized as overweight and 600 million as obese in 2014 (WHO, 2015). In the UK alone, the proportion of men and women characterized as obese has increased by 14% and 10% from the early 1990s to 2015 (Public Health England, 2017). For an individual, obesity is usually the result of an imbalance between energy consumed and energy expended (WHO, 2016). Although energy imbalance ultimately leads to weight gain, the primary factors are not yet completely understood. Currently, there is no evidence linking specific foods to obesity, however re cently, much attention has been given to eating behaviours, such as breakfast eating, as they may represent a combined effect of a number of nutrients, and breakfast habits could potentially demonstrate an interplay between other lifestyle factors, such as an overall poor diet and physical inactivity. If eating behaviours are observed to be causally linked to weight gain, then they could potentially represent practical strategies for obesity prevention. On these grounds, this essay will explore a wide variety of evidence regarding the association between breakfast skipping and weight gain. Furthermore, we shall discuss whether breakfast eating habits have been linked with overall dietary health and physical activity, as these factors are now known to be strongly linked with obesity. It is reasonable to assume that ones beliefs about breakfast will influence the likelihood of an individual engaging in this behaviour. For example, early research reported that the majority of habitual breakfast eaters believed that breakfast was important for providing energy and increasing productivity throughout the morning (Chapman et al, 1998). More recently, among a UK national representative sample, it was reported that 64% of the population habitually consumed breakfast, whilst 6% skipped it. Moreover, the breakfast eaters believed that breakfast maintained weight control, whereas breakfast skippers believed that missing breakfast supported weight loss (Reeves et al, 2013). This evidence signifies that eating behaviours, such as breakfast skipping, are largely determined by what individuals believe. Some beliefs about scientific matters are thought true despite substantial evidence disproving them, whereas other science-based beliefs are allegedly true even though inadequate evidence exists to support or disprove them (McCrory et al, 2014). This is important because a widely accepted belief is that frequently consuming breakfast compared with skipping breakfast is preventative of weight gain or causes weight loss. A recent meta-analysis reported that the risk for overweight and obesity increases by 55% when breakfast is skipped (Browns et al, 2013).   As this association has often been reported, a theory has been developed which, if correct, may potentially explain how breakfast skipping can lead to weight gain.   The theory states that when breakfast is skipped, there is an overcompensation for the energy missed at breakfast by ingesting more energy than one otherwise would have consumed at breakfast alone (Pereira et al, 2011). On the other hand, lets also consider that breakfast skipping could result in no weight change over time (in a scenario where breakfast skipping does not lead to overcompensation) or to weight loss (in a scenario where there is absence of compensation). While cross-sectional studies have generally reported that breakfast skipping leads to weight gain, currently, there are limited high quality experimental evidence supporting this notion. It is also impor tant to point out that all of the studies reviewed in the Browns et al (2013) meta-analysis, were cross-sectional thereby causality cannot be concluded from their à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ndings. Whilst randomized controlled trials do not directly allow conclusions to be drawn concerning fluctuations in energy balance, they do allow for conclusions to be made about temporary changes which, if constant over time, could potentially result in changes in energy balance. Yet, short-duration (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 1 week) randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of breakfast skipping on successive energy intake have been equivocal (Astbury et al, 2011; Leidy et al, 2013; Levitsky et al, 2013). For example two of these studies reported that impromptu lunch intake was greater after breakfast skipping, compared to when breakfast was consumed (Astbury et al, 2011; Leidy et al, 2013). In contrast, Levitsky et al (2013) showed under compensation at lunch, signifying that the collective intake across breakfast and lunch remained lower in the breakfast skipping condition. On the other hand, longer-duration (2-3 weeks) randomized controlled trials do not appear to show a relationshi p between breakfast skipping and weight gain (Farshchi et al, 2005; Schlundt et al, 1992; Tuttle et al, 1950). Although the results of these experimental trials are varied, they do not support for the theory that breakfast skipping leads to overeating. Furthermore, in prospective studies with up to 10 years follow-up, it has been observed that individuals who regularly ingest breakfast appear to gain less weight (Odegaard et al, 2013; Purslow et al, 2008; van der Heijden et al, 2007). One explanation for this could be that skipping breakfast may merely be an indication of overall lifestyle, for example, substantial evidence suggests that skipping breakfast is associated with a less nutritious diet and less physical activity (Szajewska et al, 2010; Rampersaud et al, 2005). This is significant because both of these modifiable factors are strongly correlated with the increased risk of obesity and other chronic diseases. For example, much epidemiological evidence shows a relationship between eating breakfast and healthier food choices and dietary habits (Skinner et al, 1985; Lattimore et al, 2010), whereas, breakfast skippers are associated with whole diets that are inadequate (Christakis et al, 1968; Serra-Majem et al, 2002). Of the s tudies mentioned above, two are outdated, nevertheless, they have been included to demonstrate that the association between breakfast consumption and healthy lifestyle habits has been repeatedly observed over the last 50 years or so, demonstrating that this relationship has remained constant over time. To further explain the results mentioned above, a recent review by Rampersaud et al (2005), revealed that habitual breakfast skippers were more likely to be overweight compared to breakfast eaters, regardless of a higher overall energy intake in the breakfast eating group. It is possible that the combination of breakfast skipping with additional poor eating behaviours, such as an insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption, is contributing to the results observed in this study, as it has been previously established that a low intake of fruit and vegetables increases the risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Hamer et al, 2007). Regarding physical activity, much epidemiological evidence reports that breakfast skippers are less likely to participate in physical activity (Cohen et al, 2003; Keski-Rahkonen et al, 2003; Aarnio et al, 2002). A proposed mechanism is that skipping breakfast may lead to lethargy and physical inactivity throughout the day (Pollitt et al, 1998; Meyers et al, 1989 ; Shaw et al, 1998) thereby contributing to positive energy balance and thus weight gain. Although there is a vast amount of evidence supporting the idea that breakfast skipping is associated with poor dietary habits and physical inactivity, no conclusions can be drawn yet as the evidence which has mostly found these positive associations have been drawn from cross-sectional and prospective studies which as mentioned before, do not prove causality. Clearly, obesity is a significant public health problem due to its high prevalence and important health consequences. Therefore, in order to provide practical recommendations for the control and/or prevention of obesity, its causal factors must be identfied. Although there is substantial evidence linking breakfast skipping to weight gain, a reasoned conclusion cannot be drawn as the majority of studies reporting this association merely identify a relationship, not a causal pathway as they are cross-sectional or observational studies. On the other hand, experimental trials can usually determine causation.   Regarding the trials reviewed in this essay, short-term trials have demonstrated effects of breakfast skipping on energy intake and appetite later in the day, although together these results are ambiguous, also longer-term randomized controlled trials have not show effects of breakfast skipping on energy imbalance and subsequent weight change. Overall, the evidence we have discussed here does not strongly support the widely accepted theory that breakfast skipping leads to an overcompensation of energy in subsequent meals, nor does the evidence support a common belief that breakfast contributes to weight gain or loss. It can however be argued that whether an individual eats breakfast or not, this will not directly influence their risk of weight gain or obesity. In fact it could be argued that other lifestyle behaviours, such as physical inactivity and inadequate diets, are actually the factors driving this observed association. An integral issue when evaluating the impact that lifestyle behaviours have on obesity is that these behaviours are very difficult to precisely measure within a large, generalizable population. Equally, trying to establish that one factor alone is impacting weight gain is a difficult task, as seen in this essay, many factors interact with and affect each other. Therefore, as to whether breakfast is t he most important meal of the day with regards to the obesity, the jury is still out, so to speak. In the meantime, the simple recommendation to eat less and exercise more appears to still be the most effective tool in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Words: 1569 References Aarnio, M., Winter, T., Kujala, U. and Kaprio, J., (2002). Associations of health related behaviour, social relationships, and health status with persistent physical activity and inactivity: a study of Finnish adolescent twins. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(5), p360-364. Astbury, N.M., Taylor, M.A. and Macdonald, I.A., (2011). Breakfast consumption affects appetite, energy intake, and the metabolic and endocrine responses to foods consumed later in the day in male habitual breakfast eaters. The Journal of nutrition, 141 (7), p1381-1389. Brown, A.W., Brown, M.M.B. and Allison, D.B., 2013. Belief beyond the evidence: using the proposed effect of breakfast on obesity to show 2 practices that distort scientific evidence. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 98(5), pp.1298-1308. Chapman, G.E. and Melton, C.L., (1998). College and university students breakfast consumption patterns: behaviours, beliefs, motivations and personal and environmental influences. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 59 (4), p176. Christakis, G., Miridjanian, A., Nath, L., Khurana, H.S., Cowell, C., Archer, M., Frank, O., Ziffer, H., Baker, H. and James, G., 1968. A nutritional epidemiologic investigation of 642 New York City children. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 21 (1), p107-126. Cohen, B., Evers, S., Manske, S., Bercovitz, K. and Edward, H.G., (2003). Smoking, physical activity and breakfast consumption among secondary school students in a southwestern Ontario community. Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de Santee Publique, p41-44. Farshchi, H.R., Taylor, M.A. and Macdonald, I.A., (2005). Deleterious effects of omitting breakfast on insulin sensitivity and fasting lipid profiles in healthy lean women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 81 (2), p388-396. Hamer, M. and Chida, Y., (2007). Intake of fruit, vegetables, and antioxidants and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of hypertension, 25 (12), p2361-2369. Keski-Rahkonen, A., Kaprio, J., Rissanen, A., Virkkunen, M. and Rose, R.J., (2003). Breakfast skipping and health-compromising behaviors in adolescents and adults. European journal of clinical nutrition, 57(7), p842-853. Lattimore, P., Walton, J., Bartlett, S., Hackett, A. and Stevenson, L., (2010). Regular consumption of a cereal breakfast. Effects on mood and body image satisfaction in adult non-obese women. Appetite, 55(3), p512-521. Leidy, H.J., Ortinau, L.C., Douglas, S.M. and Hoertel, H.A., (2013). Beneficial effects of a higher-protein breakfast on the appetitive, hormonal, and neural signals controlling energy intake regulation in overweight/obese,breakfast-skipping, late-adolescent girls. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 97(4), p677-688. Levitsky, D.A. and Pacanowski, C.R., (2013). Effect of skipping breakfast on subsequent energy intake. Physiology behavior, 119, p9-16. McCrory, M.A., (2014). Meal skipping and variables related to energy balance in adults: A brief review, with emphasis on the breakfast meal. Physiology behavior, 134, p51-54. Meyers, A.F., (1989). Undernutrition, hunger, and learning in children. Nutrition news (USA). Odegaard, A.O., Jacobs, D.R., Steffen, L.M., Van Horn, L., Ludwig, D.S. and Pereira, M.A., (2013). Breakfast frequency and development of metabolic risk. Diabetes care, 36 (10), p3100-3106. Pereira, M.A., Erickson, E., McKee, P., Schrankler, K., Raatz, S.K., Lytle, L.A. and Pellegrini, A.D., (2011). Breakfast frequency and quality may affect glycemia and appetite in adults and children. The Journal of nutrition, 141(1), p163-168. Pollitt, E. and Mathews, R., (1998). Breakfast and cognition: an integrative summary. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 67(4), p804-813. Public Health England contributor. (2017). Adult Obesity. Available: http://www.noo.org.uk/NOO_about_obesity/adult_obesity. Last accessed 13th Mar 2017. Purslow, L.R., Sandhu, M.S., Forouhi, N., Young, E.H., Luben, R.N., Welch, A.A., Khaw, K.T., Bingham, S.A. and Wareham, N.J., 2008. Energy intake at breakfast and weight change: prospective study of 6,764 middle-aged men and women. American journal of epidemiology, 167(2), p188-192. Rampersaud, G.C., Pereira, M.A., Girard, B.L., Adams, J. and Metzl, J.D., (2005). Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(5), p743-760. Reeves, S., Halsey, L.G., McMeel, Y. and Huber, J.W., (2013). Breakfast habits, beliefs and measures of health and wellbeing in a nationally representative UK sample. Appetite, 60, p51-57. Schlundt, D.G., Hill, J.O., Sbrocco, T., Pope-Cordle, J. and Sharp, T., (1992). The role of breakfast in the treatment of obesity: a randomized clinical trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55(3), p645-651. Serra-Majem, L., Bartrina, J.A., Pà ©rez-Rodrigo, C., Ribas-Barba, L. and Delgado-Rubio, A., (2006). Prevalence and deteminants of obesity in Spanish children and young people. British Journal of Nutrition, 96(1), p67-72. Shaw, M.E., (1998). Adolescent breakfast skipping: an Australian study. Adolescence, 33(132), p851-862. Skinner, J.D., Salvetti, N.N., Ezell, J.M., Penfield, M.P. and Costello, C.A., (1985). Appalachian adolescents eating patterns and nutrient intakes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 85(9), p1093-1099. Szajewska, H. and RuszczyÅ„ski, M., (2010). Systematic review demonstrating that breakfast consumption influences body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 50(2), p113-119. Tuttle, W.W., Daum, K., Myers, L. and Martin, C., (1950). Effect of omitting breakfast on the physiologic response of men. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 26, p332-335. Heijden, A.A., Hu, F.B., Rimm, E.B. and Dam, R.M., (2007). A prospective study of breakfast consumption and weight gain among US men. Obesity, 15(10), p2463-2469. WHO contributor. (2015). facts on obesity. Available: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/obesity/facts/en/index4.html. Last accessed 13th Mar 2017. WHO contributor. (2016). Obesity and overweight. Available: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/. Last accessed 13th Mar 2017.

Nicole Jumper Essay -- Weight Loss Diet Nutrition Papers

Nicole Jumper The desire to change one’s body image is very prevalent in today’s society; and in most cases what people want to change is their weight. Companies who market diet programs and miracle diet drugs are very much aware of this commonality among consumers and take advantage of the susceptible nature of those who want to lose the weight and lose it fast. Among the multitude of pills, programs and promises that are offered as cures to the unhappiness of being fat, one new concept has emerged that stretches the boundaries of logic: the catabolic diet. WHAT IS THE CATABOLIC DIET? The catabolic diet is based on the concept that a person can eat â€Å"catabolic† foods that actually have a negative calorie effect. These are foods that supposedly take a person more calories to digest them than the food itself actually contains. Simply put, they are foods that burn fat instead of creating it. (http://www.rarebooks.net/beck/cataboli.htm) INFORMATION FOUND ON THE NET The creators of the catabolic diet have used the Internet as their primary marketing tool; therefore, there are many sites about the diet. Some are blatant advertisements and others pose as being informative and factual. The bottom line: all the sites found on the catabolic diet are looking to make a profit and want the browser to buy into a program. One site, http://www.blackbeard.com/newlook/, claims that the catabolic diet is so effective that, â€Å"[It] works three times faster than starvation.† Yet, after making this statement the site also says that the â€Å"Catabolic Diet is a medically created diet. . .† Needless to say there is no medical doctor’s endorsement found a... ... REFERENCES Astrup, Arne. â€Å"Dietary Approaches to Reducing Body Weight.† Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Ed. Jeff P. Holly. New York: AMA 1999. 109-120. Berstein RS; Thornton JC; Yang MU; Wang J; Redmond AM; Pierson RN Jr; Pi-Sunyer FX; Van Itallie TB. (1983a). Prediction of the Resting Metabolic Rate in obese patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1983 Apr, 37(4): 595-602. Brannon, Linda and Jess Feist. Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2000. Westerterp-Plantega MS; Rolland V; Wilson SA; Westerterp KR. (1999a). Satiety related to 24 h diet-induced thermogenesis during high protein/carbohydrate vs high fat diets measured in a respiration chamber. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1999 June; 53(6): 495-503.

Opposing School Uniforms Essay -- essays research papers

School Uniforms In 1993, Will Rogers Middle School in California’s Long Beach County School District began discussing the idea of a school-wide uniform policy. That fall, Will Rogers became the first school in Long Beach County to have a mandatory uniform policy. Other schools in the district soon followed drawing national attention, including a personal visit from then President Clinton. Recent memories of school shootings around the nation caused President Clinton to urge other school districts to move to uniforms in his 1996 State of the Union Address. This started a seemingly endless debate over school uniforms in public schools. In order to be legal, every uniform policy has to have an option to not participate. Students that â€Å"opt-out† attend other schools that do not have uniform policies. Most Republicans and the more moderate Democrats are in favor of uniforms while the more liberal Democrats oppose them. People in favor of uniforms support them for several reasons cited in a US Government manual on school uniforms: †¢ decrease in violence and theft—even life threatening situations—among students over designer clothing or expensive sneakers, †¢ prevention of gang members wearing gang colors and insignias at school, †¢ instilling students with discipline, †¢ helping parents and students resist peer pressure to buy expensive clothing, †¢ helping students concentrate on their school work, and helping school officials to recognize intruders who come to the school. (â€Å"Manual† par. 2) People against uniforms oppose them for several reasons: uniforms violate the first amendment right to freedom of expression, the claims of the supporters are not true, and problems in the schools are much bigger than a little ans... ...lace, I think a big part of the improvement in statistics was due to the implementation of uniforms. While a strict dress code, or uniforms, would probably improve the statistics, it is not the best option. I think the best option is a mandatory identification badge. Students would be required to wear a visible photo I.D. at all times when on campus. One school I visited had badges worn on a necklace. This policy has a few of the benefits of uniforms, like intruders being easily recognizable, but it does not impose on the student. This is a very realistic option. A great deal of employers require their employees to wear name badges while they are on the job (Nurses, Factory workers, etc.). Most employers do not specify a uniform to be worn. Uniforms are not the one-word answer to today’s problems, but uniforms and/or ID badges could be used as part of the solution

Computer Laboratory Management System Essay

The Computer Lab or Computer Laboratory is obviously part of the institution like Schools and University. For the reason that there are several matters that uses computer like computing of data, creating documents and many other task that uses computers for faster data processing. At schools almost all courses are having computer related subject to learn about computers. Focusing to this topic Computer Laboratory comprised of several computers that connected to a network which a network is consist of collection of computers and other equipment that is connected together to communicate with each other. Samar College Inc. is one of the most fast growing and innovative institution in Catbalogan offering various courses for College degree. Along with its increasing community is the need of the students for more high quality resources particularly in computer laboratory. Computer laboratory is one of the facilities that had provided by Samar College to help students practice the theories that have been thought in lecture. At this instance computer laboratory needs management software in order to secure, obey the rolls inside the lab and uses its advantage. As a student’s conducting research it shows that it is more advantage if computer laboratories will use management software that will manage several tasks of instructors or some faculty of Samar College who uses the computer lab in teaching students and for some matters that uses Computer Laboratory. This management software will handles the task like access control, system security, student’s attendance and remote monitoring of system activities. In addition to this study the researchers also notice to use biometric device for faster data processing and to acquire the consistent and exact information in short period of time. Also biometric device will be very useful for this kind of research to apply its consistency, accuracy and the security of the system. Project Context The proposed System Computer Laboratory Manage System is a LAN-based system which will further increase the efficiency of learning, management and  student monitoring by using client-server approach. This system will benefit both the instructor and the student, as it simplifies common tasks in a normal PC-based classroom. The server, which is used by the instructor as a control device for communicating, provides several functions: automating class attendance; broadcasting laboratory work and announcement viewing and locking computer screens; and database reports. Purpose and Description of the Project The project was aimed at producing application software that can optimize the usage of a computer lab in Samar College. Several misbehavior patterns of students in using the computers will be identified; an effective management and monitoring style to be in place. Objectives of the Project General The general objective of this study is to develop a system that would handle the management and monitoring of Computer Laboratory in Samar College. A system that would lessen the unmannered use of computers, time consuming of turning off all computers, get rid of using computers if not in a schedule. Specific 1. To develop a system that would able the instructors to have access control of computers; 2. to develop a system that use biometric device to login student & instructors; 3. to produce an application software where the instructor is able to monitor the computer usage of the student; 4. to enable instructor to take attendance of the students effectively. Scope and Limitations of the Project Scope The propose study entitled Computer Laboratory Management System for Samar College scope is to employs client-server approach, developed by using .Net Technology, covers the management and monitoring of Computer Lab which  allows the instructors to monitor and tract students in using the computer. The Instructors can add, edit and delete students and instructors information, the instructor can print out the attendance of the students, students will be given allotted time to use the computer laboratory based on their schedule, the students can automatically log- on to the computer using biometric device. Limitation This system is limited to the students and instructors of Samar College use only; only instructors can use the server side of system and only the students can use the client-side of system. The instructors can send message to the students. Students are limited only to update and access a particular info that is available on the screen. Chapter II Review of Related Literature Related Literature / Theoretical Background The history of computer labs at colleges and universities is an ill-documented one. Books, articles, and websites can be found documenting the first mainframes put in place and the early years of computer science education. Computer labs, however, are rarely found described in the literature about computing in higher learning. Even less scholarly attention has been given to how students have used these labs. In some ways it appears the labs have quietly settled into the middle areas between personal computers and supercomputers as well as between class use and in-home use. Lab computers offer access to personal computing software and high-end specialized software. They are also utilized for academic needs similar to in-class use and entertainment like much computer use at home. Yet, while studies have been focused on computer use at the ends of these two spectrums, the university computer lab has unceremoniously bridged the gaps without garnering much attention. Chapter III Methodology Technical Background The researchers used VB.Net in developing the system since it’s the most applicable resources, the researchers also use biometric device for faster data processing and secure the use of the system. The system is composed of two categories which is the server side and the other one is client side. The server side will be the control or manage the entire system and only the teacher can use it. Client side is for the students. Details of the technologies to be used At this section describes and discuss the details of technologies used by the researcher. VB.Net Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) is a multi-paradigm, high level programming language, implemented on the .NET Framework. Microsoft launched VB.NET in 2002 as the successor to its original Visual Basic language. Biometric Device the process by which a person’s unique physical and other traits are detected and recorded by an electronic device or system as a means of confirming identity. Xampp (/ˈzà ¦mp/ or /ˈɛks.à ¦mp/) is a free and open source cross-platform web server solution stack package, consisting mainly of the Apache HTTP Server, MySQL database, and interpreters for scripts written in the PHP and Perl programming languages. MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component of the widely used LAMP open source web application software stack (and other ‘AMP’ stacks). LAMP is an acronym for â€Å"Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python. How the project will work The system keeps and stores the data as well as provides a capacity for editing the student, instructors, and subject and schedules details if necessary. The system is compose of two categories which is the server-side that manage all the functionalities of the system and the other one is the client-side which used by the students to interact with the instructor or in order by the students to use the computer. A brief description of how the system works: Students and Teachers must logon in order to access the system, either using biometric scanner or by providing username and password at the login page.

Scholasticism

Scholasticism is derived from the word â€Å"scholasticus† which denotes â€Å"that belongs to the school. † This term refers to the â€Å"school of philosophy† that were instructed by the â€Å"academics or schoolmen of the medieval universities between the periods of 1100 to 1500. † The â€Å"medieval Christian theology and the ancient classical philosophy† were brought back together by scholasticism (Webster’s online dictionary, 2008, â€Å"Scholasticism†). The definition of scholasticism is not generally based on a particular belief or principle but more of a method and a system for the academics that focused on dialectical reasoning. To provide answers to philosophical questions and to reconcile conflicts are the main objectives of scholasticism (Truner, 1912, â€Å"Scholasticism†). â€Å"Logic, metaphysics and semantics† were included in the study of scholasticism which had been considered as major factors in the advancement of knowledge about logic. More so, â€Å"philosophy of nature, psychology, epistemology and philosophy of science† were deemed significant elements for inquisitions. Most scholastics read books as part of their â€Å"basic course literature† in every discipline that was usually written by auctors who were famous scholars. Reading is a method of the study that ensured aspiring scholars to become learned individuals. Through this process, scholars have developed a sense of appreciation for the â€Å"theories of the auctor. † As a result, the problems tackled throughout the whole discipline were dealt with by the scholars in a critical and confident manner. However, scholastic works usually â€Å"have tendencies to take the form of a long list of â€Å"footnotes† to the works studied, not being able to take a stand as theories on their own† (Truner, 1912, â€Å"Scholasticism†). According to Gerard Defaux, criticisms on scholasticism are rooted on scholasticism’s closed attachment to Aristotelian dialectic and philosophy that were used in the formulation of concepts and methodologies which were evident in biblical commentaries and Christian doctrine. Because of the immense â€Å"audacity in the domain of speculative theology and superior rationalism and intellectualism of scholasticism,† pagan philosophy had prevailed over â€Å"intelligence of faith† (Defaux, 1995, p. 1017).

The Marine Pollution

Ocean Dumping The practice of ocean dumping should be banned. Marine pollution is at the heart of interest in today†s search for a clean environment. Not only does ocean dumping add to the unsightliness of the once beautiful and pristine waters; it also kills the marine life which inhabits those waters. Pollution on a grand-scale is wreaking havoc on the Earth. The ocean is not an exception. In 1996, a bill, which would ban the dumping of dredge spoils in the Long Island Sound, was submitted in congress by Michael Forbes (Freedman). At that time, Congressman Forbes predicted that all dumping in the United States would end in the foreseeable future. He sees ocean dumping ending in the 21st century (Freeman). Unfortunately, ocean dumping is the least expensive way to dispose of dredged materials and other pollutants (Freeman). Although an uphill battle, ocean dumping should be outlawed altogether. In New York City, proposed building of treatment plants was conceptualized (Murphy). This allowed an alternative to ocean dumping; since ocean court decisions and legislation (Murphy) had banned dumping. The sludge may be transported to other states for use as fertilizer (Murphy). Treatment plants are less of an eyesore than pollutants in the ocean. Unfortunately, no one wants a treatment facility in â€Å"his back yard†. Many miles of beaches have been closed over the years, due to ocean dumping. For communities where beaches are tourist attractions, this causes devastating economic consequences. At one point, medical debris washed ashore (Bauman). Congress passed a law at that time that banned the dumping of sewage into the ocean (Bauman). In 1987, an international agreement was signed and a national law was enacted to prevent ocean dumping (Miller). As late as 1995, ocean dumping continued to remain a serious threat (Miller). Tons of trash continued to pollute the nation†s beaches. The trash not only threatens marine life; it also threatens the lives of humans (Miller). There was no national plan for managing vessel waste. Enforcement powers for ocean dumping is spread among several agencies. This severely hampered the situation. The Marie Conservation Volunteers scoured more than 95,000 miles of United States coastlines on September 16, 1995 (Miller). More than 140,000 volunteers were involved in this campaign (Miller). In 1994, over 2. 8 million pounds of trash were picked up off of lakes, estuaries, and ocean beaches (Miller). This shows that the problem of ocean dumping is not a small one. This is a huge environmental problem. The Environmental Protection Agency should require ocean waste-management plans, in addition to those that have been created for land (Miller). Plastic particles, particularly six-pack rings, are damaging to marine animals. When ingested, plastic is harmful to marine animals. Discarded fishing gear leads to a high mortality rate among birds, fish, turtles, whales, and dolphins (Miller). Unfortunately, humans are also at risk from this form of pollution, due to the fact that trash, which surfaces on the beach, can easily be stepped on. This garbage could (and does) contain such contaminates as syringes (Miller). In 1996, a dispute halted the dredging of shipping channels in New York and New Jersey. This allowed silt to pass into the channels and made them too small for large ships. One hundred eighty thousand jobs were threatened, as well as $20 billion in freight business (Bauman). The collapse of ocean fisheries is a major environmental problem. Environmental issues such as ocean dumping are a public concern. Ocean dumping is not only an issue of concern for America. The entire world must take a stand. International cooperation is vital for the preservation of marine life. Environmental concerns are evidenced to shape international treaties. The Montreal Protocol; the UN Summit on the Environment; agreements to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) attest to this fact (Burnett). There is a commonality in most global problems. This commonality occurs when resources are owned by many, or when no one owns the resources. Unfortunately, self-interested behavior can lead to environmental degradation when resources, such as the ocean, are the property of several or none. No one is the protector; therefore, all should be the protectors (Burnett). Flushing untreated waste in the streams, rivers, and ultimately, the ocean, is disruptive to nature†s balance. Nitrogen and phosphorus support algae blooms and thus a depletion of oxygen (Benchley). Many parts of bays are practically dead zone already. Marine life cannot survive this! Toxic chemicals also contaminate the fish, making them inedible (Benchley). Commercial fishing is a worldwide industry. It is in decline due to ocean dumping. This growing problem affects all nations. Almost 70 percent of the world†s marine fish stocks are either fully fished, over fished, depleted, or recovering modestly. This is no small problem. Technology is increasing the number and range of the world†s fishing fleet (Burnett). Ocean dumping kills off the fish that are left. Across the nation, coastal cities have routinely disposed of sewage and trash by dumping it into the ocean. This has been happening for many years. After a while, the oceans begin to show the affect of this. It is frightening to think what dangers have yet been uncovered. Criminal charges should be enforced when anyone dumps waste into the ocean. This would help deter this activity. Illegal pollution is a crime. More people need to realize this. More laws must be made and enforced. Has anyone considered how fragile marine and coastal environments are? Has anyone considered the amount of waste that can be dumped into the ocean without causing damage. The ocean can not indefinitely take dumping of waste without serious consequences. Oil spills are another threat to oceans. Much of the oil used in the United States is exported. Tankers do this. The increase in tanker traffic causes concern over oil spills. Birds are even affected when there is an oil spill. Marine animals die from the sludge or are trapped on land. The ocean is the place for swimmers, scuba divers, sailors and those scientists who enjoy its study. The ocean is blue. It is emerald green. It is almost black. Its beauty is unsurpassed. Smelling the clean salt air and feeling the ocean breeze is one of the best experiences anyone can have. The ocean is home to the dolphin, tuna, porpoise, shark, whale, and octopus. Reefs of coral are found in many areas, Hawaii being one. Stories have been written about the ocean. Many have lost their lives at sea. The ocean is deserving of much respect. It needs protection, not pollution. Sight must not be lost of the global environmental concerns. An ocean, which has been used as a dump, is a tragedy. Sight must not be lost of the global environmental concerns, which affect the ocean, its life, and its beauty.

Drug Utilization Study Of Antidepressants Health And Social Care Essay

There is a demand for prospective drug use surveies to adequately measure patient attention and installation indexs. Ordering wonts among head-shrinkers can be improved by making consciousness about taking drugs from the Essential Medicines List. Inclusion of a drug in the infirmary formulary requires consideration of both prescribers ‘ pick of a drug and its presence in the Essential Medicines List. Prescriber instruction can besides concentrate on decrease in prescription of attendant ataractic soporifics. Prescribers should besides be encouraged to look into for patients ‘ conformity with the prescribed medicines and to enter them in the instance sheets. Such steps will advance the rational usage of medical specialties and finally, the quality of health care. The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) defines Drug use as the selling, distribution, prescription and usage of drugs in a society, with particular accent on the ensuing medical, societal and economic consequences.1 Often, drugs are non used maintaining in head their safety and efficacy.2 Rational drug prescribing is the usage of the least figure of drugs to obtain the best possible consequence in the shortest period and at a sensible cost.3 Irrational prescribing and disparity between prescription and ingestion of medical specialties may countervail the benefits demonstrated by randomized controlled tests on drug efficacy.4-7 Furthermore, optimistic outlooks of a drug, based on consequences of clinical tests may non happen when used outdoors controlled settings.8 The recent proliferation of new drugs, increasing acknowledgment of delayed inauspicious effects and concentrate on pharmacoeconomic considerations has stimulated involvement in ordering forms of physicians.5 Antidepressant prescribing forms have changed globally over the last few old ages, with conventional drugs like tricyclics and MAO inhibitors being bit by bit replaced by selective 5-hydroxytryptamines reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIS ) and fresh antidepressants. Prevalence of antidepressant use in the community is lifting in Western populations, with Iceland, Australia and Sweden holding the highest consumption.9 Therefore, our purpose was to analyze the drug use of antidepressant drugs in the psychiatric unit of a third attention infirmary in Pondicherry. Our aims were: To detect the prescribing form of antidepressants among head-shrinkers in our infirmary To measure the reason of the prescriptions To measure the prevalence of antidepressant use in the community MATERIALS AND METHODS Type of survey: Retrospective and experimental. Time period of survey: 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2006 Topographic point of survey: Psychiatric unit of a third attention infirmary in Pondicherry.Inclusion standards:1. All patients who attended the Psychiatry outpatient ( OP ) clinic of the infirmary from 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2006. 2. All patients diagnosed with depressive or adjustment upset ( diagnosed as per International Classification of Diseases – ICD 10 standards ) 10 or any status where antidepressants are indicated.Exclusion standards:Patients who did non have antidepressant drugs. Patients go oning merely those antidepressant drugs prescribed outside the infirmary. Data aggregation: Case records of Psychiatry outpatient clinic were taken from the medical records subdivision of the infirmary. Datas were entered in a pre-designed proforma ( Fig1 ) . From the multiple prescriptions in the instance record with follow-up visits, we took all prescriptions incorporating at least one antidepressant as one prescription. Therefore, if the initial prescription was continued, it was regarded as the same prescription for the given continuance. Any dose alteration in that prescription was noted for ciphering drug ingestion. Addition of another antidepressant to or alteration of antidepressant from the bing regimen was regarded as a separate prescription. In both instances, the figure of drugs in the prescription included the added or changed antidepressant ( s ) , along with attendant medicines from the earlier prescription. However, prescriptions incorporating drugs for co-morbid conditions ( non-psychiatric ) which were non prescribed in the section of Psychiatry were excluded. Sampling frame: All patients run intoing eligibility standards as given above. Datas analysis: Datas were subjected to analysis for: Demographic inside informations ( Age and gender ) Psychiatric diagnosing Antidepressant drugs prescribed 4. Completeness of prescription, rightness of drug, dosage, frequence and continuance. 5. Rationality of prescription harmonizing to WHO ordering indexs. 6. Defined daily dose ( DDD ) of the antidepressants per 1000 dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) 7. Prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) of the antidepressants 8. PDD to DDD ratio of the antidepressants Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ( ATC ) categorization and Defined Daily Dose ( DDD ) per 1000 dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) computations were used for gauging antidepressant usage in the community. Following the methodological analysis outlined by WHO,11 we calculated DID as follows: DID =Amount of antidepressant prescribed in 1 twelvemonth ( milligram ) Ten 1000 dwellers DDD ( milligram ) X 365 yearss X Population of Pondicherry and Cuddalore All patients belonged to either Pondicherry or Cuddalore territory of Tamil Nadu. So, for computation of DID, we used the population of Pondicherry every bit good as Cuddalore territory as per available statistics. Entire figure of DIDs is calculated by adding up the DIDs for single antidepressants. PDD was calculated as follows: For each prescription, there were multiple doses of the antidepressants, due to dose titrations and we took the norm of the day-to-day doses for the antidepressant as the PDD. This procedure was repeated for all the indicants of each antidepressant and the concluding value was the norm of the PDDs therefore obtained. PDD to DDD ratio was so calculated. Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistical tools were used. Ethical clearance: As it was a non-interventional survey, the institutional research commission granted waiver on the confidence that capable confidentiality would be maintained. We took the undermentioned stairss in this respect: Designation of patients by the infirmary figure merely and non by name. Case records to be accessed by research workers in the Medical records subdivision merely. Patient inside informations non to be divulged to any party other than co-authors. Proformas to be destroyed after decision of survey. Consequence Demographic inside informations: Out of 222 patients having psychoactive medical specialties during the survey period, 169 ( 76.58 % ) received one or more antidepressants. Among these 169 patients, 82 ( 48.52 % ) were males and 87 ( 51.48 % ) were females. Age distribution of patients having antidepressants is shown in Fig 2. Psychiatric diagnosings: Distribution of primary psychiatric diagnosings of patients having antidepressants is shown in Table 1. Antidepressant drugs prescribed: Entire figure of prescriptions given was 192 and a sum of 446 drugs were prescribed. Of them, 192 were antidepressant medicines of 8 types, as per ATC category. Table 2 and Fig 3 show different antidepressants prescribed. Number of antidepressant prescriptions along with their indicants is shown in Table 3. Substitutions and Adjunctive antidepressants: Change of antidepressant was required on 18 occasions. Duloxetine was substituted on 10 occasions, escitalopram on 4, mirtazapine on 3 and imipramine on 1 juncture. Addition of a 2nd antidepressant was seen on 3 occasions because of hapless response with a individual drug. Of them, duloxetine was the first antidepressant on 2 occasions and mirtazapine on 1. Attendant medicines prescribed in the section of Psychiatry: Table 4 shows attendant medicines prescribed in the section of Psychiatry. Completeness of prescription, rightness of drug, dosage, frequence and continuance: Besides patient inside informations and outpatient designation figure, prescriptions contained the patient ‘s primary diagnosing, drug ( s ) prescribed, dose signifier, dosage, frequence of disposal and continuance of intervention along with the day of the months of followup. There was no incorrect dosage, frequence and continuance of intervention ; in some instances, inappropriate drug was prescribed for a incorrect diagnosing which was corrected when primary diagnosing was revised on follow up. Table 5 shows the figure of drugs per prescription among the 192 prescriptions. More than 5 drugs were non prescribed to any patient. Rationality of prescription harmonizing to WHO ordering indexs: As per WHO Prescribing indexs, we observed: Average figure of drugs per prescription: 2.32 ( 446/192 ) Percentage of antidepressant drugs prescribed by generic name: 88.54 % ( 170/192 X 100 ) Percentage of Fixed dose combinations ( FDCs ) of antidepressants: Nothing Percentage of brushs for ordering injections of antidepressants: Nothing Percentage of antidepressant drugs prescribed from Essential Medicines List ( 16th EML of WHO ) : 1.56 % ( 3/192 X 100 ) Percentage of drugs prescribed from the National List of Essential Medicines ( NLEM, endorsed 2002 ) was 2.60 % ( 5/192 X 100 ) . Percentage of drugs prescribed from the infirmary pharmacopeia was 96.35 % ( 185/192 X 100 ) . Defined daily dose ( DDD ) of the antidepressants per 1000 dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) : ATC cryptography, DDD and computation of DID are summarized in Table 6. Entire figure of DIDs of antidepressants was 0.02. Prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) of the antidepressants and PDD to DDD ratio of the antidepressants: PDD and PDD to DDD ratios are besides summarized in Table 6. Discussion Demographic inside informations: Antidepressants were prescribed more in females ( 51.48 % ) than in males ( 48.52 % ) . This is consistent with findings in other studies.12,13 This female preponderance might reflect the higher prevalence rate of psychiatric morbidity in adult females, peculiarly, depressive and anxiousness upsets and may besides be due to gender functions played by adult females in society, with more voicing of psychological jobs and seeking of professional help.13 The age distribution shows the bulk of patients, having antidepressants belonging to 21-30 old ages age group ( 36.69 % ) . In fact, 66.27 % were aged between 21 and 40 old ages. This is in contrast to the consequences of a survey of antidepressant usage in East Asia, wherein the average age of patients having antidepressant prescriptions was more than 40 years.14 In another survey in Europe, where antidepressants were the 2nd most normally prescribed psychotropic drugs, bulk of the users were between 35 and 49 old ages, with a average age greater than 40 years.13 Psychiatric diagnosings: Depressive upset was the most common psychiatric diagnosing among the population ( n=222 ) , with a prevalence of 47.75 % . It was besides the most common indicant for utilizing antidepressants ( 62.72 % ) , followed by Mixed Anxiety and Depressive upset and Schizophrenia with station schizophrenic depression among the top three diagnosings. Antidepressant drugs prescribed: Antidepressants were the most common psychotropic drugs prescribed ( 76.58 % ) . Choice of antidepressant was based on ICD diagnosing, badness of disease/disorder, co-morbidity, drug efficaciousness and considerations for patients ‘ tolerability. Most common antidepressant prescribed was the Selective Noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor ( SNRI ) duloxetine ( 50 % ) . The newer antidepressants – duloxetine, escitalopram, Zoloft and mirtazapine accounted for the majority of prescriptions. ( 96.36 % ) , which follows the planetary tendency towards antidepressant prescribing.14-18 In many surveies, Selective 5-hydroxytryptamine re-uptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) accounted for the majority of the prescribed antidepressants, with high ordering rates.14-17 In our survey, SSRIs – escitalopram, Zoloft and Prozac were prescribed on 57 out of 192 occasions ( 29.69 % ) . Among the SSRIs, escitalopram was the preferable drug. Again, this is in contra st to findings in the East Asian survey on antidepressant usage, wherein Prozac and Zoloft were prescribed more often than escitalopram and its usage was lower than Desyrel, mirtazapine, impramine hydrochloride and amitryptiline. However, ordering rates of tricyclic antidepressants impramine hydrochloride and amitryptiline were lower than the prevalent norms.14 Doses of antidepressants were prescribed harmonizing to badness of disease/disorder, get downing with low doses and titrated upward or downward harmonizing to clinical response and patients were kept on regular followup. Duloxetine was the most common antidepressant prescribed in Depressive upset ( 56.56 % ) , Mixed Anxiety and Depressive Disorder ( 41.38 % ) and in BPAD ( 62.50 % ) . Most common antidepressant prescribed in Schizophrenia with post-schizophrenic depression was escitalopram ( 44.44 % ) , and in OCD, Zoloft ( 80 % ) . Substitutions and Adjunctive antidepressants: Prescription of a individual antidepressant was common and occurred in 98.44 % of instances. Reasons for altering an antidepressant were hapless curative response or unbearable inauspicious effects. Duloxetine was the most normally substituted antidepressant. It was besides the most common antidepressant to which adjunctive antidepressant drug was prescribed. Attendant medicines prescribed in the section of Psychiatry: Ataractic soporifics were the most common group of drugs prescribed ( 65.10 % ) concomitantly with antidepressants, followed by major tranquilizers, temper stabilizers, trihexiphenidyl, acamprosate, propranolol and vitamin B1. Except for Vitamin B1, which was prescribed in Alcohol Dependence, and propranolol, which was prescribed for intervention of shudders, all others were psychoactive medicines. Trihexiphenidyl was prescribed to counter the extrapyramidal inauspicious effects of attendant major tranquilizers. Completeness of prescription, rightness of drug, dosage, frequence and continuance: Rational prescribing was followed as per the rules of prescription order writing.19 Sing the definitions of polypharmacy which are most normally cited, there was no polypharmacy because there was no prescribing of antidepressant medicine which did non fit diagnosing and there was no prescription with more than 5 drugs.20 68.23 % of the prescriptions ( 131 out of 192 ) had 2 drugs or less, which is recommended. However, there were instances where wrong diagnosing led to ordering of inappropriate drug ab initio ; it was rectified when primary diagnosing was revised on follow up. Clinicians ‘ pick of drug was non based chiefly on affordability for the patient, so the cheapest drug was non ever prescribed. Rationality of prescription harmonizing to WHO ordering indexs: The mean figure of drugs per prescription was more than 2, which is high. But, we had excluded all prescriptions where antidepressants were non prescribed. So, prescriptions where merely guidance was provided were non considered, in which instance the figure of prescriptions with less than 2 drugs would hold risen, thereby conveying down the mean figure of drugs per brush. Ordering by generic names was high ( 88.54 % ) and close to 100 % . There were no fixed dosage combinations ( FDCs ) or injectible readyings prescribed, which indicate rational prescribing patterns. The per centum of drugs prescribed from the 16th WHO Essential Medicines List and the National Essential Medicines List ( endorsed 2002 ) was low. However, per centum of drugs prescribed from the infirmary pharmacopeia was really high ( 96.35 % ) . This indicates the demand to convey about a balance between clinicians ‘ petitions for maintaining a dru g in the infirmary pharmacopeia and the recommendations of WHO and National Essential Medicines Lists. ATC Classification, Defined daily dose ( DDD ) and DDD of the antidepressants per 1000 dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) : The anatomical curative chemical ( ATC ) categorization system divides drugs into different groups harmonizing to the organ or system on which they act and their chemical, pharmacological and curative properties.21,22 Each drug is assigned a peculiar combination of letters and Numberss. The defined day-to-day dosage ( DDD ) is the false mean care dose per twenty-four hours for a drug used for its chief indicant in adults.21 DDD was developed to get the better of expostulations against traditional units of measuring of drug ingestion and to guarantee comparison between drug use surveies carried out at different locations and different clip periods. Entire DID of the antidepressants show low ingestion, in crisp contrast to the tendency of Western European states and the USA, particularly during the last decennary, with high rates of antidepressant prescribing and consumption.9,22,23 DID for duloxetine can be interpreted as 0.0025 out of 1000 patients or 0.025 % would hold used a dosage of 60mg. Similarly, DIDs of escitalopram, mirtazapine, Zoloft, impramine hydrochloride, Desyrel, amitryptiline and Prozac can be interpreted as ingestion of their several DDDs by a population of 0.019 % , 0.004 % , 1.007 % , 0.003 % , 0.019 % , 0.12 % and 0.00007 % . Prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) of the antidepressants: The prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) is defined as the norm dosage prescribed harmonizing to a representative sample of prescriptions. It is of import to associate the PDD to the diagnosing on which the dose is based. The PDD will give the mean day-to-day sum of a drug that is really prescribed. PDD is particularly of import for drugs where the recommended dose differs from one indicant to another ( e.g. psychotropic drugs ) . When there is a significant disagreement between the PDD and the DDD, it is of import to take this into consideration when evaluating and construing drug use figures, peculiarly in footings of morbidity.24 PDD to DDD ratio of the antidepressants: Ratio of PDD to DDD is frequently used as an indicant of the adequateness of dosing. A ratio less than 1 as seen in instance of duloxetine and mirtazapine indicates under-dosing. A ratio greater than 1 was seen for Zoloft and amitryptiline. All other antidepressants showed a PDD to DDD ratio equal to 1, reflecting the adequateness of dosing in these cases.25 Restrictions of the survey: Our consequences should, nevertheless, be seen in the visible radiation of the little sample size, compared to the surveies with which they have been compared. Restrictions of the survey were the deficiency of patient attention indexs and some of the installation indexs like handiness of drugs and impact of cost on drug intervention, which increase the public-service corporation of the survey, but which can be derived prospectively merely. As with any drug use survey, existent usage or conformity with prescribed antidepressant was non possible to supervise, more so with a retrospective survey of instance records, where notes on conformity are missing. Furthermore, we could non quantify informations on comparative clinical effectivity of the antidepressants. Strengths of the survey: Strengths of the survey are the usage of a structured proforma for informations aggregation with inside informations of drug prescriptions on follow up visits, and a comprehensive application of drug use tools like ATC/DDD categorization and computation of DID and PDD/DDD ratios to measure prevalence of antidepressant usage in the community of the survey population. Documentation of longitudinal follow-up informations gives a better thought of drug ingestion than transverse sectional informations. Data on drug permutations and augmentations every bit good as attendant psychotropic medicines are besides provided. Decision: Our survey shows that depressive upset was the most common psychiatric diagnosing in the population and antidepressants were the most normally prescribed psychotropic medical specialties. There was a higher prevalence of antidepressant prescribing for adult females. Majority of antidepressants were prescribed to immature and older grownups between 21and 40 old ages. The SNRI Duloxetine, the SSRIs escitalopram and Zoloft and the untypical antidepressant mirtazapine were the most normally prescribed antidepressants, with or without other attendant psychotropic medical specialties. Most patients were treated by a individual antidepressant. However, hapless response and/or tolerability considerations made the prescribers change the antidepressant or add a 2nd antidepressant. Antidepressants were prescribed for many indicants other than depressive upset and head-shrinkers ‘ pick of drug was influenced by diagnosing, badness of disease/disorder, co-morbidity, drug efficacio usness, and considerations for patients ‘ tolerability, but non chiefly on the cost of medicine. Prescriptions were complete and polypharmacy was non seen. Favorable and unfavorable results were seen for 3 and 2 WHO ordering indexs severally. Consumption of antidepressants in the community was low. Adequate dosing was seen for all antidepressants, except for duloxetine and mirtazapine, for which under-dosing was prevailing. Recommendations: There is a demand for prospective drug use surveies to get the better of some of the restrictions of our survey. Ordering wonts among head-shrinkers can be improved farther by making consciousness about taking drugs from the Essential Medicines List and cut down prescription of ataractic soporifics. Such steps can diminish the figure of drugs per prescription and besides the cost of therapy. Prescribers should besides be encouraged to look into for patients ‘ conformity with the prescribed medicines and to enter them in the instance sheets. Such steps will advance the rational usage of medical specialties and finally, the quality of health care.